Portable Amateur Radio,  W7ZOI / 7

          
       W7ZOI/7, Field Day

All Photos on this website are my own.    I took them, or they were taken by my sons or other hiking/climbing companions.   I've tried to acknowledge the photographer.    None of these photos are the result of web surfing.     All photos are copyrighted:  If you want to use a photo on your own site, just write to me about it.    {w7zoi}{at}{arrl dot net}.      

remember just how strong George's signals were from the hilltop.  I also recall hearing some weak signals in the background that I would never have heard from home.    I worked George on both 80 and 40 meters.   Noise was absent to a level that I had never experienced.   The same rig was taken along on a mountain backpacking trek later that summer, but nothing was worked or even heard.   But we had camped at a lake, deep in the woods and surrounded by high mountains, so it is not surprising that nothing was worked.

WA6UVR/6. (1961-1966)

I finished my undergraduate college experience and got married in 1961 and we left the northwest for California.    The move brought a new call, WA6UVR.   By now I was doing quite a bit of backpacking and climbing in the Sierra.    This was beginning to dominate my amateur radio interests as I read the pages of the publications of the day to find out more about transistors.   I eventually dismantled all of my vacuum tube equipment to garner parts to be used to build solid state gear.    The first solid-state station was operational in February, 1963.   The first ARRL Field Day with portable gear occurred that year on a trip with WB6AIG (now K6GT.)  We drove to a remote spot on the crest of the hills above Palo Alto California, hiked up to the top of a wooded area, strung a dipole in the trees and operated my newly constructed 1 watt solid state station. It was great fun, something to whet my appetite for trips into the mountains beyond the foot hills. The rig was described in QST for August, 1964.  While I remember the strong signals, I also remember problems with the poor dynamic range of the receiver.     That issue was to become another passion a few years later.    
 
The photo

 
This was the rig on Mt. Dana. The crystal controlled TX (left) ran about 3 watts output.   The superhet receiver was filled with Germanium transistors and a two element crystal lattice filter. The overall box was 5 x 6 x 13 inches. In those days (of crazy youth) we didn't worry as much about station weight! Three external 6 volt lantern batteries provided transmitter power. The hike was a 2000 ft elevation gain over scree from Tioga Pass.  

This is the north face of Mt. Dana from near our camp, still 1000 ft to go. The summit is reminiscent of Colorado rather than the more typical granite spire summits of California's Sierra Nevada.        The next morning produced a common dilemma:  Do we continue to operate the radio or do we climb the mountain?  We did the climb to the summit, just over 13,000 ft elevation.  

Again W7ZOI / 7

California was a wonderful interlude, but Shon and I wanted to get back to the northwest. When we did, in 1966, I was able to get my old call back.  Here's a July 1967 climb to the summit of  Washington's Mt. Adams.
  (photo by Andre' Zoutte, WA7IHJ.)
I'm operating at the left. One fellow was holding the antenna mast while another steadied the call pennant in the wind for the photo.   Note the RG58 coax blown out by the wind. While the temperature was blistering hot over most of the Pacific Northwest, we were in the middle of a lenticular cloud covering the top 1000 ft of the 12,300 ft peak.   We measured the temperature as 38F (3C.)  The box near the photo center is the summit register box. We thought at the time that it was attached to a chunk of wood on the ground. We discovered in later years that the wood was actually the roof line of an old summit lookout cabin, placing it 10 ft or so above ground, but buried in ice. The rig on Adams was a modified version of that used on Mt. Dana. It was after this trip that I began to look seriously at schemes for lighter, more compact portable equipment.

So what's this Mt. Adams all about?
 

The late 1960s and early 1970s era included a great deal of experimentation, much of it related to rigs for the mountains.  Some early direct conversion receivers resulted from some of this work.    Urges to build portable rigs seemed to occur a couple of times per year. The "spring" motivation is predictable. But it also seemed to happen in late fall and early winter when Oregon weather is at its ugliest. Two rigs that came out of these urges are the larger "Mountaineer" (QST, Aug 72) and a smaller cousin, dubbed the "Micro mountaineer" (QST, Aug 73,) shown below.    The uM was an early version of a topology that became popular using a crystal controlled oscillator to control both a simple transmitter and a direct conversion receiver, affording an especially simple transceiver.
  
Both boxes run an output of about half a watt, a level that we concluded was about right for an extended trip (batteries that one can carry) while still offering reasonable performance. Modern batteries  (year 1990 and on) will easily support higher output power.   Both rigs saw considerable application in the mountains with the right hand photo showing the Micro mountaineer in use, Dec 1972.    Operation with gloves or mittens is a must.   Both units provided technical direction for equipment to follow.    The photo of me operating in the woods was taken by Gene Single, K7IUN.    Incidentally, that photo was not posed.   I was actually working VE6WG when the photo was snapped. 

Commercial equipment continues to evolve.    Consider the photo below:
  (N7FKI photo)
  This photo shows a recently introduced, ultra compact and versatile "trail friendly" commercial transceiver, the KX2 from Elecraft.   (photo taken in June, 2016).     This KX2 belongs to N7FKI.    This little box is just slightly larger than the Micromountaineer above, weighs just over one pound with battery,  offers CW and SSB plus digital modes, and delivers up to 10 watts.    It's truly amazing how far things have come.  

ARRL Field Day

The ARRL Field Day was often a major activity in my schedule of Mountain/Ham treks.    These were often collaborative efforts.   Considerable effort was sometimes devoted to building rigs and antennas especially for FD, and in the development of some ancillary tools.   The following photo shows a table that could be dismantled and stowed in a pack.    
  W7EL/7, late 1970 time frame.    The lower shelf houses a transmatch and rather heavy battery while a couple of transceivers and a keyer are on top.    One of the transceivers is one that was described in Solid-State Design for the Radio Amateur, p214.  (ARRL, 1977)   Two clip boards were used for this operation.   One is for the log while the other is a cross-check sheet.   (By now, we were making enough contacts that this was necessary.)   A half amp solar panel was included in the mix, although we later discovered that ARRL ruled it illegal, for we were using the panel to top off the storage battery.    They wanted solar contacts to occur without a storage cell.  We had done that often, but not always when in the field.  Oh well.   

We were picking up some other lore along the way.   For example, it was vital to include mosquito nets and/or rep

ellent.  But some of the most effective brands of "bug juice" have the nasty chemical property that they react with the classic yellow paint on pencils.    So, we often kept our pencils wrapped in plastic.

location that was close to half way between us.  Oregon's Mt. McLoughlin is a 9500 ft peak just north of the California border.  We drove toward each other and met the day before the contest, hiked part of the way in, and and camped.  We continued to the summit on the following morning. We operated on Saturday afternoon and Sunday morning, camping on top.
 This view shows Mt. McLoughlin from a lake a few miles from the peak.  


Here's Rog, just after we reached the top. The peaks on the horizon to the north are around Crater Lake, the Sisters, and beyond. The view to the south was dominated by Mt. Shasta, 50 miles away.      
 
This is the 40M rig used on McLoughlin, a direct conversion transceiver running about half a watt output.    The transceiver has a couple of crystals built into it, but also has a VFO that can be used.   The VFO is the box riding "piggyback" on the transceiver.   The smaller box is a transmatch.   The red enclosure houses C sized NiCad batteries.   Our "table" was rock at the top of the peak.   The right photo shows a stuff bag housing the entire station.   The collapsed antenna mast is 14 inches long, but expands to 12 feet; it supported an inverted Vee fed with RG-174 coax.  

 
The left photo above shows the 40 M rig with California's Mt. Shasta 50 miles or so to the south.   The right hand shot shows Roger sitting on a pile of rocks while working our friend, Jeff, WA7MLH.    At the time, Jeff was 120 miles to the north where he had packed into and camped upon a ridge near Broken Top in the Three Sisters area of Central Oregon.   This was a difficult contact for 2M FM, made possible only because Jeff had carried a small beam with him.    (We should have done the same thing.)   FM gear can be very useful in the mountains, especially for search and rescue (SAR) groups.   It was, however, a profound disappointment in 1989 on McLoughlin.   FM simplex activity is even less today than it was then, and I expect that it would be equally disappointing for Field Day today.    (We will have more to say below about VHF Weak Signal work.)
  This was our high camp on top of McLoughlin.  We used bivouac bags instead of a tent.

 One can see some unusual things when camped on top of a peak.   Here we see the shadow of our peak at sunset.  

McLoughlin was an excellent radio location offering a comfortable, single propagation hop on 40 M to much of the US West Coast.   With only half a watt output, we still made a pile of contacts.    

While we tend to think of the summit of a peak or pass as being the ideal locations, that is not always true.   On one trip, Roger and I ended up in a stand of trees well below the pass that had originally been picked from studies of the maps.   The pass just looked too hostile as a camp place, especially in the rainy weather we were experiencing.
 
The pass is at the right edge of the left photo above while our eventual camp is shown on the right.   This shot shows me (well, my boots) operating in light rain.   This location turned out to be especially good, for the slope behind and below provided a lower angle launch to the east than we would have obtained from the pass.   (Roger and I crossed that pass a few years later.)    See the now classic book by Moxon for a discussion of dipoles that are below the summit.   (L.A.Moxon, G6XN, "HF Antennas for All Locations," RSGB, 1982.)    That location would be a good one for a return trip.   Hmmmm.... Roger?

Note that we were camping on snow.   This is a common situation for FD, which happens early in the summer backpacking season.   Snow normally presents no problems so long as some insulating pads are included for sleeping and operating.

Through the 1970s I often did FD with Jeff, WA7MLH. Sometimes we cheated and operated for a few hours from a location that was close to the car, although it
always made us feel guilty. On other trips we went up on the south side of Mt. Hood.  We did a couple of mid 1980s Field Days from a cool location at an off trail tarn in the Jefferson Wilderness of central Oregon.    Here are shots of Jeff and some of the rigs. We are looking across our lake to a peak called Three-Fingered Jack.
 WA7MLH

 

The gear shown above is a pair of CW transceivers for 40 and 20 M that I used.   Jeff had taken rigs along for DSB.   He has amassed a great deal of back country experience with SSB and DSB at powers from less than a watt up to about 30 watts.      Click HERE to see Jeff's most excellent web site about his appliance-free shack.

Some of the Field Day trips outlined above take on mini-expedition characteristics with a lot of planning and a lot of junk to pack into the hills.    FD can equally be a casual event where a minimal rig is thrown into a rucksack and taken out for the day.   A FD of this type was to Lookout Mountain in 2005.   Lookout is a few miles due east of Mt. Hood.   I hiked in by myself, but was then surprised by Rick, KK7B, and his wife Sara, KB8FCZ.   Their son, also Rick, K7XNK, was along for the walk.  They hiked in and found me on the ridge east of the peak proper.    I elected to stay off the peak itself, for it is a popular place for day hikers.    Generally, it is best to not pollute the area with the sounds of CW blaring from a speaker.   Also, I generally prefer a bit of isolation from other hikers.      
 
The left photo shows Rick listening to my transceiver while the right shot shows the rig and log book.  
This is a 1996 shot of yours truly making a few final contacts before the antenna was taken down and we hiked out.    The weather had been good, but it was starting to rain lightly by the time this photo was taken.   This was the last contact before the log book and the gear was shoved into the pack for the hike out.     (KK7B Photo.)


The photo above features my grandson, Tom, KD7LXL, digging into his pack to find a rig to go with the antennas we just erected.   This was on FD of 2002.   The lead photo at the top of this page is also from that 2002 trip near Chinook Pass in Washington.     The Goat Rock Wilderness and Mt. Adams can be seen further to the south.

Field Day with Single Sideband

I'll admit to being a hopeless CW enthusiast.    Like most of the kid hams I encountered when I was in high school,  I got my novice license with the thought, "Well, I'll learn the code to get my General and then I'll get on phone."   But like many of us, I got hooked on the excitement of CW, especially when I discovered how much more I could do with simple CW gear compared to simple phone gear.   But times change.    I'll admit that I've had a lot of fun building SSB gear.   It's been fun to design it, get it going, measure it, and put it on the air.   But I still don't enjoy SSB operation as much as I do CW, even today.  

I've operated SSB with low power during Field Day on a few occasions and it has been a lot of fun.   Shown below is a 1997 operation at a park about a 10 minute hike south of my home.

This transceiver operated on the 40 meter band with an output of about 1.5 W on both SSB and CW.   While this may seem like an excessively low power for phone operation, it was still quite easy to make contacts on Sunday morning of Field Day weekend.   The SSB transmitter included speech processing in the IF.   Although the SSB experience was fun and successful, it was even easier to make CW contacts with the same antenna and power output.    Often the CW contacts were much further away than those I did with SSB.     At home, this rig was used with an outboard 20 W power amplifier that greatly enhanced the results.      See Experimental Methods in RF Design (EMRFD, ARRL, 2003) and QST December, 1989 and January, 1990.  


The above shot shows an unusual SSB station, this one for the 20 meter band.   This was the brainchild of a good friend, Bob Culter, N7FKI.   Bob has an Elecraft KX-1 multiband CW transceiver.   One of the bands is 20 meters.   Bob realized that the internal menus would allow considerable latitude in offsetting the nominal carrier frequency from that received.  With this freedom, it was possible to use the transceiver in the receive mode to copy SSB, but to then use the transmitted carrier as injection for a phasing transmitter.    Bob based the transmitter on

designs, but with RF circuits redesigned for the 20 meter band.   He then built a linear chain ending in a Mitsubishi RD16HHF1 MOSFET running about 8 watts output power.   The speech processor in Bob's rig used an Analog Devices SSM2167 integrated circuit. The rig was much more effective with the speech processor in operation.  This Field Day operation occurred on the playground of an elementary school close to Bob's house.  

Tom, KD7LXL, and I used some SSB on 15 M with his Yaesu FT-817 during FD for 2002.    That was close to a maximum in the sunspots and conditions were outstanding.  As I recall, we worked quite a few folks around the US while using nothing more than the 5 watt transmitter output with a 40 meter dipole about 10 feet above the snow.   See the lead photo for this web article.

Other Seasons

Field Day is always fun, but amateur radio in the back country is certainly not restricted to that one weekend.   Often, Field Day weekend is too early in the season to get to the interesting locations in the western states, for the roads are still snowed in.  This varies, year to year.    Later in the summer is usually more practical, but does not fit with the amateur radio calendar.     In addition, the trips later in the summer are often reserved for more intense backpacking efforts and may not include ham gear.    This leaves the most of the rest of the year for ham treks.   Spring and autumn are both good.   Some of the best radio trips I've done have been in winter.  The earliest of these was a snowshoe trip to Mt. Rainier's Van Trump Park in January of 1970 with Dick Bingham, W7WKR. (I'm still looking for photos from that wonderful trip!)

Here's a photo looking into the entrance of an abbreviated snow cave that I dug on a mid 1980s solo trip. The transceiver is sitting on "the roof," right after keeping a sked with WA7MLH. It was a kick to work Jeff from the field after I had worked him so often from home with him in the hills.  Setting radio aside, the mountains are a special place in wintertime with an intense quiet that becomes hard to imagine after the busy, crowded world we normally experience.  A

radio environment adds to the enjoyment.    The contacts are also fun and often unusual.  Imagine an early dinner, followed by retirement to the warmth of a down sleeping bag with the transceiver and batteries pulled inside where the wonder of it all is described in the language of CW to the folks who are still at home.  


This shot shows another quasi-snowcave.    Even without a roof, the

protection from the wind.   Roger and I dug this one while on a day trek on snowshoes.   The goal for that trip was to exercise a new rig in the field.   The rig was an updated version of the Micro mountaineer, later presented in QST, July, 2000.    The trip was in February, 2000.  The larger item on the cave shelf was a stove to make soup for lunch.     It's amazing how much warmth is provided by a shelter like this that is dug in only 10 or 20 minutes.  


Here's another shot of Mt. Hood from a favorite haunt, a place called Ghost Ridge.   This was a trip with my older son, Ron (now KF7HAP) in February of 2007.    Mostly it was just a winter camping excursion, but we had a radio goal as well, which was to work a contest called FYBO essentially a winter Field Day for QRP enthusiasts.  Click HE

(Photo by either KA7EXM or WB6JZY.  TNX guys.)
Roger and his work colleague Jack Trollman, WB6JZY, near the summit of Mt. Conness in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains.   They had a small 2M Yagi and an Icom IC-202.    

Roger's VHF antennas are generally Yagis for 2M and up.   A simple dipole is used for 6M.   The 6M activity is not usually featured, but is sometimes included merely because his main transceiver, an FT-817, includes that band.    The VHF Yagis are those described by WA5VJB.   See the articles in

 
The

contest sponsored by ARRL.    It's a wonderful excuse to get out on snowshoes.
 This photo of Roger is from another VHF SS trip to the same general area on the Pacific Crest Trail.

 



Roger on the summit of Lookout Mountain, which is due east of Mt. Hood.   The antennas for this stack are, top to bottom, 144, 222, and 432 MHz.   Click HERE to see some close-up views of the antennas, showing the construction.   The horizontal wire in front of Rog is a 6M dipole.   This location was interesting in that Mt. Hood served to shield us from routine signals in the greater Portland area.   We were still able to make good contacts to the north and south.   Our Portland contacts were limited to some of the BIG stations on SSB, plus one QRP station (KI7N) who was pleased to go on CW to work us.      The mast that supports the antennas is made of aluminum tubing of about 5/8 inch diameter with an overall height of about 10 feet.   The stack, made from old tent poles, is well under a pound and easily fits in a rucksack.

Roger keeps an on-line list of his VHF portable activity.   Click HERE for that list.    

 
Here are a couple of shots of Roger on a trip we took to "tie in rock" above the Elliot Glacier on Oregon's Mt. Hood.    We got up to about 8500 feet on this trip, providing a line of sight shot to hills in the Seattle, WA area.   The antenna system here was a 5 element Yagi for 144 MHz that was eventually replaced by a 4 element WA5VJB design.  


One of the best VHF mountain topping treks we did was to Maxwell Butte in the Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Area of Oregon.   Here's Roger working a few guys on 144 MHz CW.  For more info and more photos on this trip, click here.

The ARRL approach to VHF contesting differs from that used for Field Day.   The FD rules include a "Class B" where one or two people can operate a single transmitter station.   This class adapts itself well to backpack contesting efforts.   In contrast, the VHF contest rules have a QRP class, but restrict it to a single operator.   Because of this, I have rarely participated in any actual station operation on our VHF junkets

.    There have been moments where I would love to have operated a little, but it is a "single operator" event.    Oh well.     One approach is to go into the field, work the contest, but to never submit a log or score.    Rules don't really matter then.   The down side of this is that the published results are not then representative of the actual activity.   Even this is of little consequence owing to data-mining that happens with submitted logs.

All of our efforts have been with SSB and CW.   These modes are clearly preferred for long distance weak signal applications.   FM can still be effective if the location is good enough.    FM is also a very useful tool for communications within a group that may be spread out on a trail.

An outstanding location for any mode is the summit of Oregon's Mt. Hood, shown here in May, 1982.    Mt. Hood is the highest point in the state of Oregon at a bit over 11,000 ft.  It's not usually a difficult climb, but it is slightly technical.    KA7EXM in the above photo is giving 2M FM a try.   With a few watts and a half wave vertical, he opened repeaters that were 300 miles distant.    Roger and a friend, WB7SHE, operated from the summit of the South Sister, another of Oregon's large volcanic peaks, where they managed a 250 mile contact while running only 0.2 W, but that was CW.    As an aside, in 2013 I had the pleasure of working Tom/KD7LXL on 2M SSB.   Tom, our first grandson, was on the summit of Mt. Hood while I was at home.    

UHF Portable
Our main emphasis has been on simple HF operations, mostly CW.   However, son Roger has become quite interested in portable operation with VHF gear.   His experience has taken him up through 432 MHz.   (Cell phones don't count!)   We recently joined John, K7CVU, on a hike to a location that we have visited in the past.   But this time we took UHF gear.    John had a transverter that ran 2.5 watts output at 1296 MHz.    His antenna was a 5 element Yagi that we put atop a very small backpacking camera tripod. The IF for the transverter was a Yaesu FT-817.   
  Here we see K7CVU with his 5 element 1296 MHz Yagi.   This provided contacts as far away as 168 miles.    I suspect that we will try to do more at UHF, for this was extremely fun.   Click here to read about this trek.

Equipment Thoughts

Often folks will ask about rigs for portable operation.    There are many choices these days including a number of high performance kits.   I still prefer to brew my own.   The experience is then more complete with the operation becoming an extension of the experiments that led to the gear.    

I presently have several 40 M CW rigs that I take to the mountains.    One is a version of the Micro mountaineer, shown by clicking here.   This is a crystal controlled direct conversion rig.   Another is a VFO controlled superhet shown below.
 
This transceiver runs 1 watt output and has several features built into it including a frequency counter and keyer.  The string of Ni-MH batteries shown will power the rig for a typical weekend of operating, if not longer.   (The heavy keyer paddle shown is only used at home!)    The front panel LED ceases to function if the battery voltage drops below 11.5.   The transceiver weighs just over 1 pound with a receiver current consumption of about 35 mA.    Click HERE to see the schematic for this rig.

Similar gear for the 14 MHz band features improved performance with more power and a stronger (higher dynamic range) receiver front end.     This equipment is described in Experimental Methods in RF Design ( EMRFD, ARRL, 2003).

Commercial gear for the VHF bands is readily available although it is not as common as that for HF.   One popular offering is the Yaesu FT-817.  The performance has been completely satisfactory, with one major exception:  The FT-817 eats batteries alive.    On the mountain top contest activities, we have often carried an 8 Amp-Hour Sealed Lead Acid battery to run the FT-817.   Starting with a full charge, it is depleted by the end of an overnight contest.   The problem is not high transmit power.   Rather, it is the excessive current consumed at all times.   This results from the use of relays for all band switching.    The FT-817 is a good choice if the operating interval is short.   

A much older monoband rig offers performance that is, in many ways

Elecraft, the KX3, is also noteworthy.    This box provides CW and SSB on all HF bands plus 6 Meters.   A 2 Meter internal transmatch is an option.    This box is quite light weight and has low current consumption and would be an option.    A cousin to the KX3 has just (2016) been introduced, the KX2, and it is even smaller and lighter.      However, it covers fewer bands.

There is clearly justification for brewing one's own rig for the VHF bands.    Numerous examples are included in Experimental Methods in RF Design (EMRFD, ARRL, 2003) to serve as a starting point.    Several variations of a phasing transceiver for 2M are shown in Chapter 12.    A Universal Monoband Superhet Transceiver is presented  in Chapter 6 (see page 6.83) with the one shown operating in the 6M band.  It could be built for any HF band or even for 2M merely by changing some LC filters and the LO chain.     That rig has been a great performer, yielding sporadic E contacts from W1 to Hawaii from Oregon, even at the 3 Watt level with a dipole antenna.    Numerous contacts with Japan also happened when we had F2 propagation at a sunspot maximum and a small Yagi antenna.

Homebrewing will become necessary as we move to UHF.    Some commercial FM gear is available for 1296, and imported SSB/CW transverters are available.   But there is no turn-key solution available.    Perhaps this is part of the lure of the 1296 MHz band?

How Heavy is the Pack?

 
This photo shows a vital part of the game, that of at-home testing before taking the gear into the field.   In this case, the total weight of the station is determined with a kitchen scale.    It's coming in at about 2 pounds, or a kilogram for the set up shown.   Note that the keyer paddle, earphones, and battery are included with the transceiver.   The antenna system must also be included when planning for portable outings, for that is part of the pack load.   After the "weigh-in," the equipment should be set up and used, taking care to add nothing more than the gear that was on the scale.    There is an old adage for backpacking that says "Worry about the ounces and the pounds will take care of themselves."   This clearly applies to the radio gear that will be carried into the field.

It is very important to use the gear at home just as it will be used in the field.   If a commercial rig is to be used, try to set the menu items at home so that frustrations are avoided once on the hill.   This is, of course, not a problem with homebrew gear used by the builder, for he or she will know how the menus function!

Some popular antenna solutions can be excessively heavy.   The telescoping 12 foot antenna mast that I've used for many years weighs about 2 pounds.   It easily fits in a pack and is very robust, so it has been a reasonable solution when traveling above timberline where there are no trees.   A better solution is a modern fiberglass crappie type fishing pole that expands to a 20 ft length.  It weighs only one pound.   It is the preferred solution and is popular with many QRP radio amateurs taking gear into the field, although it does have the disadvantage that it is still long when collapsed.      The one I have is 45 inches, so it won't fit inside a pack.   It is easily strapped to the side of one though.   A wonderful telescoping mast is available that expands to 33 ft, or 10 M length.   It's a great thing if one is going to do an automobile bound portable stint.   But that mast weight is 3.5 pounds, making it of marginal utility for most backpacking.

These pack weight comments are predominantly "geezer" considerations and should not be regarded as limitations by younger hams or those used to hauling heavy packs.     We hauled large loads in our youth and a few extra pounds in the pack made little difference then.   But times change.    Most of us tend to be more concerned about pack weight as we add a few years to the tally.

Final Thoughts

Finally, a word of caution:    The activities presented here are avocations that we have, by now, pursued for over 60 years.   They are not extreme and certainly do not compare with the feats of the modern